Science Behind NanoGold What do Gold Nanoparticles Have to do with Wrinkly Skin
http://sustainable-nano.com/2014/11/25/gold-in-cosmetics/
Abstract
Brief overview + 4 scientific studies / papers.
Content
Incorporation of engineered nanomaterials into cosmetic products including sunscreens, makeups, soaps, moisturizers and shampoos is becoming increasingly more commonplace. Manufacturers incorporate nanomaterials into their products to improve product stability, improve the delivery of vitamins and antioxidants and make products more aesthetically appealing.1 As a result of this increasing use, you may have encountered nanomaterials in your morning routine as you apply soap, lotion, or deodorant, brush your teeth or wash your hair. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not require that cosmetic products be tested for health and environmental impacts before making it into the consumer market, though it is encouraged. Nevertheless, nanotechnology-driven products are on the market and have been for decades.
Cosmetics manufacturers employ a variety of nanomaterials into their products including niosomes, liposomes and nanoemulsions.2 Niosomes and liposomes are amphiphilic, which means they have both hydrophobic (“water-fearing”) and hydrophilic (“water-loving”) parts. This nature is what allows them to carry vitamins and drugs across the skin.2
The inclusion of gold into consumer products is of particular interest to us in the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, and has motivated, in part, our decision to study gold nanoparticle interactions with biological systems. Companies boast that gold improves skin tone and elasticity, provides anti-aging benefits and improves blood circulation. Well, how exactly do gold nanoparticles provide all of these benefits?
That’s a great question, but before we proceed, a crash course in skin science might be useful. Skin is composed of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost skin layer and it mainly comprises dead cells that we continuously shed. There is a constant generation of new cells, with the newest cell found in the deeper layers and the older cells found on the outermost layer. It is the dermis that supports the epidermis and contains our hair follicles, oil, sweat glands, muscles, nerves and blood vessels. The dermis also contains connective tissues, mostly made of collagen and elastin. Collagen is a group of proteins that serve as one of the main structural components of skin and connective tissue. It, along with other proteins like keratin and elastin, is responsible for the structural integrity and elasticity of the skin. As we age, collagen and elastin break down and as a result skin loses its elasticity and its ability to retain its shape.
Over time, the collagen in skin becomes degraded and contributes to the signs of aging (i.e. wrinkles). In addition to time, other things that contribute to the aging process include pollution, eating and sleeping habits, smoking, exercise, UV radiation, and genetics. One process that is known to lead to visible signs of aging, like wrinkles, is the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).3,4 AGEs are the products of a chain of reactions that initially kick off with a reaction between carbohydrates (sugars) and proteins, like collagen. Carbohydrates are one of main fuel sources for your body and are found in fruits, vegetables, bread and many other foods. The accumulation of AGEs in the skin causes the skin to lose some of its elasticity.4
Understanding how the accumulation of AGEs affects skin elasticity leads us to the role of gold in cosmetics. Gold nanoparticles are able to compete with carbohydrates to bind to amino acids like lysine and arginine. With gold particles taking up the place where carbohydrates would otherwise bind, the formation of AGEs should therefore be inhibited, and fewer wrinkles should form on the skin.3,4
Nanomaterials are being used in everything from medicine to electronics because of their unique properties. You have just read about one particular application of nanotechnology in cosmetics, but as we have discussed on the blog before, there is still a great need to understand what kinds of effects these materials will have in the body (during product use) and on the environment (after product disposal). Challenges like this motivate our research here in the CSN and illustrate how our research might be instrumental in the engineering of societally beneficial nanotechnologies.
REFERENCES (some require subscription)
1. Burangulov, Nail, Alexander Moravsky, Yuiya Kulikova, George Dyachuk, and Raouf Loutfy. “Cosmetic compositions containing fullerene clusters.” U.S. Patent Application 10/858,361, filed June 1, 2004.
2. Sharma, Bhumika, and Arvind Sharma. “Future prospect of nanotechnology in development of anti-ageing formulations.” Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4, no. 3 (2012): 57-66.
3. Pageon, H. “Reaction of glycation and human skin: The effects on the skin and its components, reconstructed skin as a model.” Pathologie Biologie 58, no. 3 (2010): 226-231.
4. Kim, Ji-hoon, Chung-Oui Hong, Yun-chang Koo, Hee-Don Choi, and Kwang-Won Lee. “Anti-glycation effect of gold nanoparticles on collagen.” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 35, no. 2 (2012): 260-264.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have garnered significant attention in the skincare industry for their potential anti-aging benefits. Their unique properties, attributed to their nanoscale size and high surface area, make them promising candidates for enhancing skin health and combating signs of aging.
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties
One of the primary mechanisms by which AuNPs may benefit the skin is through their antioxidant capabilities. Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, plays a pivotal role in skin aging. AuNPs can neutralize free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and potentially slowing the aging process. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory properties can help alleviate skin conditions characterized by inflammation, further promoting skin health.
Enhancement of Skin Elasticity and Collagen Production
Collagen is a structural protein essential for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness. As we age, collagen production diminishes, leading to wrinkles and sagging skin. Studies suggest that AuNPs can stimulate collagen synthesis, thereby enhancing skin elasticity and reducing the appearance of wrinkles. For instance, research has indicated that gold nanoparticles can accelerate wound healing due to their antioxidant properties, which may be linked to increased collagen production.
Improved Delivery of Active Ingredients
The nanoscale size of AuNPs allows them to penetrate the skin barrier more effectively than larger particles. This property can be harnessed to deliver active ingredients deeper into the skin, enhancing the efficacy of skincare formulations. For example, AuNPs have been used to improve the delivery of methotrexate in psoriasis treatment, demonstrating their potential as carriers for therapeutic agents.
Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects
AuNPs exhibit antibacterial and antifungal properties, which can be beneficial in skincare by preventing infections and promoting a healthier complexion. Their incorporation into skincare products can help combat acne-causing bacteria and other microbial threats to skin health.
Considerations and Potential Risks
While the benefits of AuNPs in skincare are promising, it is essential to consider potential risks. Some studies have raised concerns about the accumulation of gold nanoparticles in skin cells, potentially leading to adverse effects such as impaired cell function and increased oxidative stress. For instance, research has indicated that gold nanoparticles can interfere with cell division and collagen contraction, processes vital for skin health.
Conclusion
The incorporation of gold nanoparticles in skincare products offers a novel approach to anti-aging treatments, leveraging their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, as well as their ability to enhance collagen production and deliver active ingredients effectively. However, further research is necessary to fully understand their long-term effects and to ensure their safe and effective use in skincare formulations.